LUCKNOW( UP):  As large  drought-devastated India desperately waits for the monsoons to arrive, Gangnauli village in  dry, hot Uttar Pradesh has more than enough water.

But the villagers fear the water supplies with heavy metals, underscoring the weighty challenges facing the world’s second most populous nation. They suspect their groundwater has been polluted by waste from local industries.

From toxic pollution of rivers and lakes to contamination of groundwater supplies, together with chronic shortages in drought-hit districts, India’s water challenges are acute.

“The children complain of stomach pains and skin problems and I fear for their health,” Divya Rathi told a visiting journalist. “We need the government to do something about this,” said the 25-year-old, saying she could not afford the expensive water purifiers used by wealthier households.

In Gangnauli, authorities have painted a red stripe on community hand-pumps to warn residents after testing found groundwater was contaminated. India’s environment court, the National Green Tribunal, ordered hand-pumps in the district be sealed, and raised concerns about the health of residents drinking from them.

Many instead draw water from borewells installed in their backyards. But they fear this groundwater is also contaminated by polluted rivers which have seeped into the water table.

“There is poison in the water,” said farmer Dhramveer Singh, 50, who blames his son’s severe bone deformities on the water.

District magistrate Hriday Shankar Tiwari said the state government has acted to supply villagers with alternate supplies – including via water tanks and pipelines whose supplies are sourced from clean water deeper underground.

Village head Dharmendra Rathi said up to half of its 5,000 residents now received piped water, a situation he said was “way better than what it used to be”.

But he said the pollution remained a problem, with factory waste from neighbouring districts still discharged into the rivers.

More than 130 million people live in areas of India where groundwater supplies are contaminated with at least one dangerous pollutant such as arsenic or nitrate, according to the World Resources Institute.

Its analysis shows more than 20 million live in districts where supplies contain at least three pollutants exceeding safe limits.

Parts of India are anxiously waiting for the annual monsoon  to provide relief to 330 million farmers and others. But experts say the l rains will not solve India’s water problems unless much more is done to manage supplies.

Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s government has pledged billions of dollars to clean up the filthy Ganges river, while efforts are also under way to stop raw sewage and industrial waste spewing into India’s waterways.

But researcher Sushmita Sengupta warned it could be too late in some areas where groundwater has long been mismanaged. “Once the groundwater is contaminated it’s an almost irreversible process. Once it’s destroyed it’s lost forever,” said Sengupta, of the Delhi-based Centre for Science and Environment.

Rajendra Singh, dubbed the Water Man of India, said rains will fail to replenish the water table in many areas because unchecked urbanisation has destroyed wetlands and other natural recharge spots.

“It will just be a flash flood,” said Singh, who has called for a ban on groundwater extraction for all purposes other than for drinking to allow aquifers a chance to recover.

“There is not enough drinkable water for the Indian people. Without water security there is nothing,” said Singh, who last year won the Stockholm Water Prize for his work to boost supplies in villages in the desert state of Rajasthan.

  arsenic groundwater, development, Uttar Pradesh, water